Scientific methodology quiz with solutions pdf – your key to unlocking the secrets and techniques of scientific inquiry! Dive into the fascinating world of statement, speculation formation, experimentation, and knowledge evaluation. This complete useful resource will information you thru the elemental steps of the scientific methodology, equipping you with the instruments to suppose critically and remedy issues systematically. From easy experiments to complicated analysis tasks, this information will empower you to method challenges with scientific rigor and confidence.
This useful resource meticulously particulars the scientific methodology’s core ideas, encompassing its essential steps and sensible purposes throughout numerous disciplines. It affords a wealth of data, from defining the tactic’s significance in scientific inquiry to showcasing real-world examples. The detailed breakdown of kinds of investigations, speculation formulation, experimental design, knowledge evaluation, and conclusion drawing will equip you with the required information and abilities to excel in scientific endeavors.
Introduction to the Scientific Methodology
The scientific methodology is not some stuffy, dusty rulebook; it is a dynamic, thrilling course of that fuels discovery and understanding. Think about it as a roadmap for exploring the unknown, a sequence of fastidiously deliberate steps to uncover hidden truths in regards to the universe. From the smallest atom to the biggest galaxy, the scientific methodology offers a structured approach to examine and interpret the world round us.
It is a journey of inquiry, statement, and relentless questioning, resulting in a deeper appreciation for the pure world.The scientific methodology is greater than only a checklist of steps; it is a mindset. It encourages skepticism, important considering, and a willingness to revise our understanding based mostly on new proof. This iterative method is important in science as a result of it permits us to refine our information, appropriate errors, and construct upon earlier discoveries.
It’s about repeatedly asking questions, testing hypotheses, and refining our fashions of actuality.
Key Steps of the Scientific Methodology
The scientific methodology is a robust device for tackling any thriller, huge or small. It entails a scientific method, progressing via distinct phases. Every step performs a vital position in making certain the accuracy and reliability of the conclusions drawn.
- Statement: Cautious statement of the pure world is the preliminary spark that ignites the scientific course of. This would possibly contain noticing a peculiar sample in nature, a stunning phenomenon, or just questioning why one thing occurs the way in which it does. As an example, a farmer noticing that crops in a single a part of a area are rising taller than others would possibly result in a sequence of investigations.
- Query Formulation: From the statement, a exact query emerges. This query must be centered and testable. As an alternative of a broad query like “How do crops develop?”, a greater, extra centered query could be “Does the quantity of daylight have an effect on the expansion charge of tomato crops?”
- Speculation Formulation: A speculation is a proposed rationalization for the noticed phenomenon. It is basically an informed guess, based mostly on prior information and observations. A very good speculation is testable and predicts a relationship between variables. For the tomato plant instance, a speculation may be: “If tomato crops obtain extra daylight, then they’ll develop taller.”
- Prediction: The speculation results in a prediction. This prediction specifies what’s going to occur if the speculation is appropriate. For instance, if extra daylight results in taller crops, the prediction could be: “Tomato crops uncovered to eight hours of daylight will develop taller than these uncovered to 4 hours of daylight.” The prediction needs to be measurable.
- Experimentation: The experiment checks the prediction. It entails manipulating variables and punctiliously measuring the outcomes. Within the tomato plant instance, one group of crops could be uncovered to eight hours of daylight, and one other to 4 hours. All different circumstances, like water, soil, and vitamins, should be saved the identical for each teams to isolate the impact of daylight.
- Knowledge Evaluation: Knowledge collected in the course of the experiment must be fastidiously analyzed to see if it helps or refutes the speculation. This evaluation entails calculating averages, creating graphs, and searching for patterns. Do the outcomes present that crops uncovered to extra daylight grew taller? In that case, the information helps the speculation.
- Conclusion: The conclusion summarizes the outcomes of the experiment and signifies whether or not the speculation was supported or rejected. If the outcomes supported the speculation, it strengthens the understanding of the phenomenon. If not, the scientist would possibly have to revise the speculation or design a brand new experiment.
The Scientific Methodology in Motion
The scientific methodology is not simply an summary idea; it is a sensible device that guides scientific discovery. Think about the event of vaccines. Observations of illness patterns led to questions on learn how to forestall them. Hypotheses in regards to the position of weakened pathogens have been developed, examined, and refined via experiments. The information evaluation and conclusions led to the creation of life-saving vaccines.
The iterative nature of the scientific methodology ensures that scientific information is consistently being refined and improved.
Abstract Desk of the Scientific Methodology
| Step | Description |
|---|---|
| Statement | Cautious statement of the pure world. |
| Query Formulation | A particular, testable query in regards to the statement. |
| Speculation Formulation | A proposed rationalization for the statement, usually in “if…then” format. |
| Prediction | A press release of what’s going to occur if the speculation is appropriate. |
| Experimentation | Testing the prediction by manipulating variables and measuring outcomes. |
| Knowledge Evaluation | Analyzing the collected knowledge to see if it helps the speculation. |
| Conclusion | Summarizing the outcomes and figuring out whether or not the speculation was supported or rejected. |
Sorts of Scientific Investigations
Unraveling the mysteries of the universe usually requires greater than only a hunch. The scientific methodology offers a structured method to understanding the pure world. Various kinds of investigations, from meticulously managed experiments to cautious observations, contribute to the huge physique of scientific information. This part will discover the various strategies utilized by scientists to research the world round them.
Totally different Sorts of Investigations
Numerous scientific investigations make use of totally different approaches to assemble and analyze knowledge. Experiments, observations, and surveys are three basic varieties. Experiments contain manipulating variables to watch their results, whereas observations concentrate on recording pure phenomena with out intervention. Surveys gather knowledge from a pattern of people to know tendencies or opinions.
The Position of Variables
Variables play a vital position in scientific investigations, particularly in experiments. Unbiased variables are components which can be manipulated by the researcher, whereas dependent variables are the components which can be measured to find out the impact of the impartial variable. Managed variables are saved fixed to make sure that adjustments within the dependent variable are solely as a result of impartial variable.
Comparability of Scientific Strategies
Totally different scientific strategies have distinctive traits that make them appropriate for particular investigations. Experimental investigations permit for the institution of cause-and-effect relationships, whereas observational research reveal patterns and correlations in nature. Surveys supply a approach to collect giant quantities of knowledge from various populations. The selection of methodology is dependent upon the analysis query and the assets accessible.
Examples in Totally different Disciplines
Scientific investigations are integral to many fields of examine. In biology, researchers would possibly observe the conduct of animals of their pure habitats to know their interactions. In chemistry, managed experiments can decide the response charges of various chemical compounds.
Experimental vs. Observational Investigations
| Attribute | Experimental Investigation | Observational Investigation |
|---|---|---|
| Purpose | To find out cause-and-effect relationships | To determine patterns and correlations |
| Methodology | Manipulating impartial variables and measuring dependent variables below managed circumstances | Recording observations with out manipulating variables |
| Variables | Unbiased, dependent, and managed variables | Variables are naturally occurring |
| Management | Excessive diploma of management over extraneous variables | Restricted management over extraneous variables |
| Purposes | Drug testing, figuring out the consequences of fertilizer on plant development | Finding out the connection between smoking and lung most cancers, analyzing the migration patterns of birds |
The Significance of Knowledge Assortment and Evaluation
Correct and dependable knowledge assortment is paramount in any scientific investigation. Applicable instruments and strategies should be employed to make sure the integrity of the information. Knowledge evaluation entails organizing, summarizing, and deciphering the collected info to attract significant conclusions.
Formulating Hypotheses and Predictions
Unraveling the mysteries of the pure world usually begins with a eager statement. Discover one thing peculiar about the way in which leaves change coloration in autumn? Or maybe you surprise if a selected fertilizer boosts plant development. These observations spark curiosity and lead us to formulate hypotheses – educated guesses about what may be taking place. These hypotheses, if well-crafted, can then be examined via experiments, permitting us to know the underlying mechanisms.
Crafting Testable Hypotheses
A speculation is a proposed rationalization for an statement. It isn’t only a random guess; it is an informed supposition, based mostly on prior information and present theories. A very good speculation is testable – which means you may design an experiment to probably show or disprove it. Crucially, it needs to be particular and clearly outline the variables concerned. As an example, as a substitute of “fertilizer impacts plant development,” a greater speculation could be “elevated nitrogen fertilizer focus will result in the next charge of plant development.”
Formulating Predictions
A prediction logically flows from a speculation. It is basically a press release about what you count on to occur in case your speculation is appropriate. For those who hypothesize that elevated fertilizer focus results in extra plant development, your prediction may be “crops uncovered to increased concentrations of nitrogen fertilizer will exhibit considerably better top and leaf space in comparison with crops uncovered to decrease concentrations.” The prediction should be measurable and clearly hyperlink the impartial and dependent variables.
Figuring out Variables
In any scientific investigation, understanding the variables is essential. The impartial variable is the issue you manipulate or change within the experiment. Within the fertilizer instance, the impartial variable is the focus of nitrogen fertilizer. The dependent variable is the issue you measure to see the way it’s affected by the impartial variable. On this case, the dependent variables are plant top and leaf space.
By controlling the impartial variable and measuring the dependent variable, you may decide if there is a relationship between them.
Examples of Hypotheses and Predictions
- Speculation: Publicity to daylight will increase the speed of photosynthesis in crops.
Prediction: Crops uncovered to increased ranges of daylight will produce extra oxygen than crops in decrease daylight circumstances. - Speculation: The kind of soil impacts the expansion charge of tomato crops.
Prediction: Tomato crops grown in nutrient-rich soil will present quicker development charges in comparison with these grown in soil missing important vitamins. - Speculation: Elevated water availability will result in better fruit yield in citrus timber.
Prediction: Citrus timber receiving extra frequent and ample watering will produce extra fruit than timber with much less water.
Evaluating Totally different Sorts of Hypotheses
| Sort of Speculation | Description | Instance |
|---|---|---|
| Null Speculation | A press release that proposes no important relationship between variables. | Elevated fertilizer focus doesn’t have an effect on plant development. |
| Different Speculation | A press release that proposes a relationship between variables. | Elevated fertilizer focus positively correlates with plant development. |
Experimental Design and Procedures
Embarking on a scientific journey usually begins with a burning query. To rework this curiosity into concrete information, a fastidiously designed experiment is important. This course of requires meticulous planning, exact execution, and insightful evaluation to uncover the hidden truths throughout the pure world.
Managed Experiments
A cornerstone of scientific inquiry is the managed experiment. This method isolates particular variables to watch their impression on a phenomenon. By fastidiously manipulating one variable (the impartial variable) whereas retaining others fixed (the managed variables), scientists can decide the impact of the manipulated variable on the result (the dependent variable). This managed setting permits for dependable conclusions about trigger and impact.
Significance of Controls and Variables
Controls and variables are the spine of a strong experiment. A management group, uncovered to an ordinary or baseline situation, offers a benchmark for comparability. This significant component helps isolate the impact of the impartial variable and verify if any noticed change is as a result of manipulation or different components. Unbiased variables are components which can be intentionally modified, and dependent variables are the outcomes measured in response to those adjustments.
Understanding the interaction between these parts is important for a well-executed experiment. As an example, in a examine on the impact of fertilizer on plant development, the quantity of fertilizer is the impartial variable, whereas the peak and yield of the plant are the dependent variables.
Knowledge Assortment Strategies
Numerous strategies exist for accumulating knowledge in scientific experiments. Observations, measurements, and surveys are basic instruments. Quantitative knowledge, expressed numerically, is essential for exact evaluation, whereas qualitative knowledge, describing traits or attributes, offers a deeper understanding of the phenomenon. The selection of knowledge assortment methodology is dependent upon the character of the investigation. For instance, to measure the impact of sunshine on plant development, quantitative measurements of top and leaf space are employed, whereas qualitative observations of leaf coloration and stem texture are recorded.
Using a number of knowledge assortment strategies usually enhances the depth and validity of findings.
Examples of Experimental Procedures
As an example the sensible software of experimental design, contemplate a number of examples. In a examine analyzing the impact of various kinds of soil on plant development, numerous soil varieties could be used because the impartial variable. In a examine on the impact of various kinds of gentle on plant development, various kinds of gentle are employed because the impartial variable.
The plant development and well being can be measured as dependent variables in each examples. One other instance may very well be investigating the impression of various concentrations of a chemical on bacterial development. On this experiment, the focus of the chemical acts because the impartial variable, and the bacterial development charge or colony dimension serves because the dependent variable.
Steps in Designing an Experiment
| Step | Description |
|---|---|
| 1. Downside Identification | Clearly outline the query or downside you wish to examine. |
| 2. Background Analysis | Collect details about the subject to formulate a speculation. |
| 3. Speculation Formulation | Suggest a testable assertion in regards to the relationship between variables. |
| 4. Experimental Design | Artikel the process, together with variables, controls, and knowledge assortment strategies. |
| 5. Knowledge Assortment | Collect knowledge utilizing acceptable strategies and devices. |
| 6. Knowledge Evaluation | Analyze the collected knowledge to find out if the speculation is supported or refuted. |
| 7. Conclusion | Summarize the findings and draw conclusions based mostly on the evaluation. |
Knowledge Assortment and Evaluation
Unveiling the secrets and techniques hidden inside knowledge is a vital step within the scientific course of. Cautious assortment and insightful evaluation rework uncooked observations into significant patterns and tendencies. This part bridges the hole between speculation and conclusion, permitting us to carefully take a look at our assumptions. Knowledge, when correctly dealt with, turns into a robust device, guiding us in direction of a deeper understanding of the pure world.
Strategies for Accumulating and Recording Knowledge, Scientific methodology quiz with solutions pdf
Correct knowledge assortment is paramount. This entails using acceptable devices, calibrated to make sure precision. Detailed data are important, documenting not solely the measurements but in addition the circumstances below which they have been taken. Constant methodology throughout all trials is important to keep away from introducing bias and guarantee dependable outcomes. A well-maintained lab pocket book serves as a meticulous report, preserving the integrity of the information assortment course of.
Knowledge should be recorded with meticulous consideration to element and utilizing acceptable items.
Strategies for Organizing and Representing Knowledge
Organizing collected knowledge is important for significant interpretation. Tables, for instance, excel at presenting structured info, permitting straightforward comparability and identification of relationships between variables. Graphs, corresponding to line graphs, bar graphs, and scatter plots, visually depict tendencies and patterns within the knowledge. They provide a robust means to shortly grasp the general image and spotlight any notable relationships.
Knowledge Evaluation Strategies
Knowledge evaluation strategies, corresponding to calculating averages, customary deviations, and correlations, assist determine important tendencies and patterns throughout the knowledge. These strategies reveal underlying relationships and help the drawing of legitimate conclusions. Statistical evaluation instruments and software program present highly effective help in evaluating the importance of the findings and assist in forming conclusions.
Examples of Knowledge Evaluation Strategies and Their Purposes
A typical approach is calculating the imply (common) of a set of knowledge. That is invaluable in figuring out the central tendency of a dataset. Customary deviation measures the dispersion or unfold of knowledge factors across the imply. A excessive customary deviation signifies better variability within the knowledge, whereas a low customary deviation suggests the information factors are clustered tightly across the imply.
Correlation evaluation investigates the connection between two variables. A optimistic correlation means that as one variable will increase, the opposite tends to extend as properly, and vice versa for a destructive correlation.
Desk Illustrating Totally different Methods to Characterize Knowledge
| Knowledge Illustration | Description | Instance |
|---|---|---|
| Desk | Organizes knowledge in rows and columns, facilitating comparability. | A desk itemizing the peak and weight of various crops. |
| Line Graph | Reveals tendencies and adjustments over time. | Graph depicting the expansion of a plant over a number of weeks. |
| Bar Graph | Compares totally different classes or teams. | Graph evaluating the variety of flowers of various colours in a backyard. |
| Scatter Plot | Reveals the connection between two variables. | Plot displaying the connection between the quantity of daylight and plant development. |
Drawing Conclusions and Reporting Findings
Unveiling the secrets and techniques of your experiments is not simply in regards to the journey; it is in regards to the vacation spot—drawing conclusions and sharing your findings with the world. This significant step validates your speculation and provides to the collective scientific information. It is like fixing a puzzle; you have gathered the items, now it is time to assemble them and see the larger image.The method of drawing conclusions is not nearly stating the apparent; it is about meticulously analyzing the outcomes and evaluating them to your preliminary speculation.
Did your observations help or refute your predictions? A considerate examination of the information is paramount. This step is the place you interpret the proof and join the dots to type a complete understanding of your analysis.
Evaluating the Speculation
A important part of drawing conclusions entails evaluating the speculation in gentle of the experimental outcomes. If the outcomes align with the predictions, the speculation features power. Conversely, if the outcomes contradict the predictions, the speculation would possibly want revision and even rejection. This does not imply failure; it is a chance for refinement and an opportunity to discover new avenues of inquiry.
The method is cyclical, iterative, and important for scientific development. For instance, for those who hypothesize {that a} new fertilizer will increase plant development, however your outcomes present no important distinction, you would possibly re-evaluate the fertilizer’s composition, software methodology, or different related components.
Reporting Scientific Findings
Correct and clear reporting of scientific findings is important for the development of information. Publishing ends in peer-reviewed journals permits different scientists to scrutinize the work, replicate experiments, and construct upon the prevailing physique of analysis. This ensures that scientific information is rigorously examined and validated.
Presenting Scientific Findings
Clear and concise presentation of findings is essential. A well-structured report or publication successfully communicates the analysis course of, outcomes, and conclusions. Think about these parts:
- Introduction: Briefly state the issue, background, analysis query, and speculation.
- Strategies: Element the experimental design, supplies used, and procedures adopted. That is essential for reproducibility. Be particular. Embrace particulars about pattern dimension, measurement strategies, and any controls.
- Outcomes: Current the information objectively. Tables and figures are sometimes useful to visually characterize the information, highlighting tendencies and patterns. Keep away from subjective interpretations on this part.
- Dialogue: Analyze the outcomes, talk about their implications, and examine them to earlier analysis. Deal with any limitations of the examine and recommend future instructions. As an example, if the examine had limitations as a result of a small pattern dimension, this needs to be acknowledged within the dialogue.
Pattern Report Format
A well-structured report enhances readability and readability. Here is a pattern format, outlining important elements:
| Part | Content material |
|---|---|
| Introduction | Downside assertion, background, analysis query, speculation. |
| Strategies | Experimental design, supplies, procedures, controls, and knowledge assortment strategies. |
| Outcomes | Knowledge presentation utilizing tables, graphs, and figures. Statistical analyses. |
| Dialogue | Interpretation of outcomes, comparability with earlier analysis, limitations, and future instructions. |
A well-organized report, like a well-constructed argument, makes your analysis accessible and impactful. This method fosters a deeper understanding of the analysis and permits for better scrutiny and potential replication.
Examples and Purposes: Scientific Methodology Quiz With Solutions Pdf
The scientific methodology is not only a textbook idea; it is a highly effective device used day by day by scientists and even on a regular basis folks. It is a dynamic course of, continually adapting and evolving as our understanding of the world deepens. Let’s discover some fascinating real-world purposes of this methodology.The fantastic thing about the scientific methodology lies in its versatility. From unraveling the mysteries of the cosmos to tackling on a regular basis issues, it offers a structured framework for understanding and fixing issues.
We’ll see how this framework interprets into sensible purposes throughout numerous disciplines.
Actual-World Examples in Medication
Medical breakthroughs usually stem from rigorous software of the scientific methodology. Think about the event of a brand new drug. Researchers meticulously observe sufferers, formulate hypotheses about drug mechanisms, design managed experiments, gather knowledge, and analyze outcomes. This course of, repeated numerous occasions, results in the potential approval of a life-saving drugs. As an example, the event of vaccines, just like the COVID-19 vaccine, concerned rigorous trials and meticulous knowledge evaluation.
Observations of viral conduct, hypotheses about vaccine efficacy, fastidiously designed trials, and the gathering and evaluation of affected person knowledge have been essential steps within the course of.
Scientific Methodology in Engineering
Engineers leverage the scientific methodology to design and optimize buildings, remedy sensible issues, and create progressive options. Take, for instance, the design of a extra fuel-efficient automobile. Engineers observe present designs, formulate hypotheses about potential enhancements, conduct experiments on totally different designs, gather knowledge on efficiency metrics, and analyze outcomes to refine their designs. The iterative technique of statement, speculation formation, testing, and refinement permits for steady enchancment and innovation.
Examples Throughout Scientific Disciplines
The scientific methodology transcends particular fields. In astronomy, scientists observe celestial our bodies, formulate hypotheses about their origins and evolution, design experiments to check these hypotheses, gather knowledge from telescopes and area missions, and analyze the outcomes. In environmental science, researchers observe adjustments in ecosystems, formulate hypotheses in regards to the causes, conduct experiments in managed environments, gather knowledge on numerous environmental components, and analyze the impression of human actions on the pure world.
These examples showcase the universality of the scientific methodology.
On a regular basis Purposes of the Scientific Methodology
Surprisingly, the scientific methodology can also be a useful device for on a regular basis problem-solving. Think about making an attempt to troubleshoot a malfunctioning equipment. You observe the signs, formulate hypotheses in regards to the trigger, take a look at potential options (like checking the facility provide or changing a fuse), gather knowledge (like noting if the equipment works after every step), and analyze the outcomes to determine the problem.
This iterative course of is a direct software of the scientific methodology.
Detailed Instance of a Scientific Investigation
Think about you discover that your crops aren’t rising in addition to they used to. You observe that they appear to be wilting extra shortly. You hypothesize that the soil is not offering sufficient water. To check this, you create two teams of crops. One group will get the standard quantity of water (management group), and the opposite group will get an elevated quantity of water (experimental group).
You monitor the expansion of each teams over a month. You gather knowledge on the peak and well being of every plant. Lastly, you analyze the information. If the experimental group reveals considerably higher development, your speculation is supported. If not, you would possibly discover various hypotheses, like adjusting the quantity of daylight or fertilizer.
Evaluation and Observe
Let’s put your scientific methodology information to the take a look at! This part offers a sequence of partaking actions to solidify your understanding and hone your abilities. We’ll transfer from multiple-choice challenges to open-ended explorations, culminating in sensible workouts that apply the tactic to real-world situations. Get able to embrace the joy of scientific inquiry!
A number of-Alternative Questions
These questions will assess your comprehension of the scientific methodology’s core ideas. Reply them thoughtfully, and do not be afraid to revisit the earlier sections if wanted. Keep in mind, the objective is to know the method, not simply discover the proper reply.
- A scientist observes that crops grown below fluorescent lights are taller than these grown below incandescent lights. What’s the subsequent logical step within the scientific methodology?
- A. Formulate a speculation about why the crops are taller.
- B. Ignore the statement and transfer on to a different experiment.
- C. Focus on the statement with colleagues.
- D. Instantly conclude that fluorescent lights trigger taller crops.
- Which of those statements greatest describes a scientific speculation?
- A. A guess which will or is probably not appropriate.
- B. A definitive assertion that’s all the time true.
- C. A principle that has been confirmed past any doubt.
- D. A testable rationalization for an statement.
- What’s the essential component of a well-designed experiment?
- A. Utilizing solely the gear you have got accessible.
- B. Guaranteeing all variables are managed besides the impartial variable.
- C. Acquiring outcomes that help your speculation.
- D. Avoiding any potential errors or bias.
Detailed Explanations
Understanding the reasoning behind the proper solutions is essential to mastery. Let’s discover the rationale behind every choice.
- The proper reply for the primary query is A. Formulating a speculation is the pure development. Choices B, C, and D characterize flawed approaches to the scientific methodology. Shifting on to the following step requires a centered rationalization for the statement.
- The proper reply for the second query is D. A speculation should be testable, and it ought to clarify an statement in a manner that may be verified or refuted. Choices A, B, and C don’t seize the essence of a scientific speculation.
- The proper reply for the third query is B. Controlling variables, apart from the one being examined, permits for a transparent willpower of trigger and impact. Choices A, C, and D are usually not essential parts that instantly relate to the integrity of the experimental design.
Open-Ended Questions for Dialogue
These questions encourage deeper considering and significant evaluation. Think about the broader implications and purposes of the scientific methodology in your responses.
- How would possibly the scientific methodology be utilized to resolve a social downside, like decreasing air pollution in a metropolis? What are the potential challenges and alternatives?
- Focus on the position of skepticism and peer evaluate within the scientific course of. How do these parts contribute to the reliability of scientific findings?
Sensible Workouts
Making use of the scientific methodology to real-world situations is essential for creating sensible abilities.
- Design a easy experiment to check the impact of various kinds of fertilizer on plant development. Artikel your speculation, process, anticipated outcomes, and potential sources of error.
- Examine a neighborhood situation, just like the declining inhabitants of a specific chook species, and suggest a scientific method to understanding the issue and potential options. Formulate hypotheses, determine key variables, and recommend doable strategies for knowledge assortment.
Reply Key
| Query | Appropriate Reply |
|---|---|
| 1 | A |
| 2 | D |
| 3 | B |
